Ukwezi kw’icumi ni kumwe mu mezi atoroheye Uburundi. Turetse ko twakubuzemwo incungu z’igihugu, Umuganwa Rwagasore na Prezida Ndadaye, ni nakwo kwabayemwo umushinge w’umuzo w’intwaro za gisirikare mu Burundi. Ivyo bikaba vyatanguye kuva aho umurwi w’abasirikare bageragereje gutembagaza ubutegetsi bw’Umwami Mwambutsa IV Bangiricenge be na Leta ya Léopold Biha muri gitugutu 1965. Imbere y’ico gihe, abasirikare nta bubasha bari bafise mu vy’intwaro. Igihugu catwarwa n’Umwami akaba ari nawe yagena Umushikirangoma wa mbere (Premier Ministre) nawe agashinga Leta. Nkuko bisanzwe bigenda muri demokarasi, Umushikirangoma wa mbere yatorwa mu mugambwe ufise abashingamateka benshi agaheza nawe akagena abagize Leta. Ivyo bigasigura ko intwaro y’ico gihe ataco yapfana n’abasoda, ahubwo inguvu zayo zari zihagaze ku Mwami no ku bashingamateka bitorewe n’abanyagihugu. Umwami ni we nyene yagaba abasirikare.
Umwaka wa 1965 ni umwaka wabayemwo ibintu bibi cane vyahavuye bikwegera Uburundi amahano adasanzwe. Wari umwaka w’amatora inyuma y’imyaka itatu gusa Uburundi bwari bumaze bwikukiye. Amatora aheruka yari yabaye mu 1961 aho UPRONA ya Rwagasore yatahukanye intsinzi idasanzwe. Rwagasore ntiyari akariho ngo afatanye abadasigana be n’abarundi bose. UPRONA yari iganje kandi ikomeye cane ariko yari yariciyemwo amacakubiri akomeye muvyo bise Monrovia na Casablanca. Mu ntango z’umwaka wa 1965, Umwami Mwambutsa yagenye Petero Ngendandumwe ngo arongore Leta ubugira kabiri. Haciye indwi zibiri gusa Umushikirangoma wa mbere Petero Ngendandumwe arashikiriza Leta, ariko iryo joro nyene aca arara agandaguwe, hari ku wa 15 nzero 1965. Petero Ngendandumwe yari umwe mu bagendanye na Rwagasore, niwe yari icegera ciwe muri Leta (Vice Premier Ministre et Ministre des Finances), niwe yaboneka nk’umutegetsi w’umuhutu afise igihagararo gihambaye inyuma ya Rwagasore kandi yashobora kubandanya ahuza Abarundi. Ngendandumwe amaze kugandagurwa, Umwami Mwambutsa yaciye agena Joseph Bamina kurongora Leta. Bamina nawe nyene yari umuhutu akaba ari nawe yarongoye UPRONA inyuma y’urupfu rwa Rwagasore. Mu kwezi kwa gatanu 1965, mu ntumbero yo gutegura amatora, Umwami yafashe ingingo yo guhagarika Leta. Amatora yahavuye aba, UPRONA irayatsinda, ariko iyatsinda yigabuyemwo kabiri ku buryo ayo matora yabonetse nk’intsinzi y’ubwoko bumwe kurusha intsinzi y’umugambwe. Umwami Mwambutsa abonye indyane zari muri UPRONA yanka kugena Umushikirangoma wa mbere afise uruhande ahengamiyeko muri bashimiraniye, aca ashiraho Umuganwa Léopold Biha.
Muri iyo myaka, inzego z’umutekano nta jambo rinini zari zifise mu vya politike kandi zagabwa n’Umwami. Izo nzego zari zigabuyemwo imice ibiri : urwego rwa Gendarmerie rwari rurongowe n’Umunyamabanga wa Leta, Capitaine Antoine Serukwavu (umuhutu) hamwe n’urwego rwa gisirikare (Armée) rwari rurongowe n’Umunyamabanga wa Leta, Capitaine Michel Micombero (umututsi). Aba banyamabanga ba Leta bose uko ari babiri bagabwa n’Umwami. Mw’ijoro ryo ku wa 18 rishira uwa 19 gitugutu 1965, bamwe mu basirikare n’aba gendarmes barongowe na Capitaine Antoine Serukwavu barateye ikirimba c’Umwami Mwambutsa be no kwa Premier Ministre Léopold Biha. Imana yarakinze Umwami Mwambutsa arashobora kwinyegeza abari baje kumugandagura, nayo Léopold Biha we baramurashe baramukomeretsa rwose bamusiga bazi ko yapfuye. Uwo murwi w’abashaka gutembegaza ingoma y’Uburundi ntiwashitse kure kuko abasirikare b’abakomando bayoboka Capitaine Micombero nabo baciye bashika guhagarika iryo tembagazwa ry’Ubutegetsi. Mu misi yakurikiye, Umwami Mwambutsa yahavuye yurira indege aja mu Buswisi, akaba atigeze asubira kugaruka i Burundi gushika yitabe Imana mu 1977. Muri iyo myaka haravuzwe vyinshi bitandukanye, bamwe bavuze ko Umwami yababajwe cane no kubona abarundi bamwubahuka kugeza aho bashaka kumwica, ariko ababizi bemeza ko Umwami yari agiye kwivuza indwara ya Cancer yari amaranye igihe. Umwami Mwambutsa yahavuye atembagazwa muri mukakaro 1966, hasigaye indwi zibiri gusa ngo agaruke mu gihugu.
Kuva muri uko kwezi kwa gitugutu 1965, igihugu cabandanije guca mu bihe bigoye cane, ivyo vyose bikaba Umwami ari i Bulaya, mu gihe n’Umushikirangoma wa mbere Léopold Biha yari yaciye aja kwivuza ; gutyo mu gihugu habura Umwami n’umukuru wa Leta. Abategetsi batari bake b’abahutu barishwe muri ico kiringo bakaba bagirijwe ko bari bifatanije n’abashatse gutembagaza ubutegetsi, muri abo twovugamwo nka Joseph Bamina yahoze ari Umushikirangoma wa mbere amezi make imbere y’amatora. Bamwe mu banditse ku vyabaye ico gihe bavuga ko iyo coup d’État yafashije abandi bariko barategura gukuraho burundu ubwami kuko bahaboneye akanya ko gukora imyiteguro yabo Umwami atahari, baca baronka n’akaryo ko kwikurako abashobora kubabera intambamyi. Coup d’État yo mu 1965 yafatanye kandi n’ubwicanyi bw’abanyagihugu bwadutse i Busangana muri komine Bukeye mu ntara ya Muramvya. Ivyabaye uwo mwaka biracarimwo igipfungu cinshi gushika uno musi.
Amezi icenda gusa inyuma y’ivyabaye muri gitugutu 1965, umuhungu w’Umwami, Umuganwa Karoli Ndizeye yaciye ava mu mashure i Bulaya arataha, maze italiki 8 mukakaro 1966 arafata ubutegetsi mu buryo buteruye rwose kuko atashotse yitwa Umwami. Inyandiko nyinshi zivuga ko bamwe mu bariko barategura gufuta ubwami aribo bamuhenze bamwosha kuza gusubirira se. Ico gihe Umuganwa Karoli Ndizeye yari agifise imyaka 19 gusa, ntiyari bwamenyere ivya politike. Muri nyakanga 1966 niho yahavuye yimikwa nk’umwami aca yitwa Umwami Ntare V. Ico gihe c’ubutegetsi bwa Karoli Ndizeye, abasirikare bateye bakomera cane muri Leta ku buryo Capitaine Michel Micombero ariwe yagenywe kuba Umushikirangoma wa mbere. Gutyo buba bubaye ubwambere mu Burundi ko umusirikare ariwe aje hejuru y’aba civils (abatari abasoda) mu gihe ubundi muri demokarasi abacivils aribo barongora abasirikare. Inyuma y’amezi abiri Umwami Ntare V Ndizeye yimitswe, ingoma y’Uburundi yaciye itembagazwa ku wa 28 munyonyo 1966 n’abasirikare barongowe na Capitaine Michel Micombero. Ingingo ya nyuma y’Umwami Ntare V yabaye iyo gufuta imigambwe myinshi no gushinga UPRONA nk’umugambwe umwe. Ni gutyo amaze gutembagazwa, Uburundi bwahindutse Republika igendera ku mugambwe umwe, intwaro ya gisirikare iba iratanguye icese. Naho hagiye haracamwo ibihe bigufi bigufi ubutegetsi bwabaye mu minwe y’abatari abasirikare canke bugasangirwa, kuva Umwami Ntare V atembagajwe, Uburundi bwagumye mu ntwaro za gisirikare ziguma zibisikana gushika uno musi.
Naho umwaka wa 1965 udakunze kuvurwa cane ni umwaka wahinduye rwose amateka y’Uburundi. Bwabaye ubwa mbere habaho umurwi wugurura inzira yo gufata ubutegetsi biciye mu nguvu za gisirikare, mu gihe hari hamenyerewe ko umwami asubirirwa n’umuhungu wiwe, Leta ikarongorwa n’Umushikirangoma wa mbere agenywe n’Umwami. Guhera ico gihe ubutegetsi bw’Uburundi buhagarara mu minwe y’uwushigikiwe n’igice kinini c’abasirikare. Umuntu avyihweje neza, kuva mu 1965, umushinge nyamukuru w’ubutegetsi ni igisirikare ntabwo ari abanyagihugu, naho mu mvugo abagiye bakurikirana gutwara bavuga ko bari mu ntwaro rusangi iva ku munyagihugu. Umwami Mwambutsa yatewe n’abasirikare yongera akizwa n’abasirikare. Inyuma yaho, Umuhungu wiwe yakoze ibitabaho asubirira se akiriho kubera ko yari ashigikiwe n’abasirikare. Abasirikare nyene bahavuye bamutembagaza, nabo baza baratembagazanya ku buryo uwushigikiwe n’igisoda ariwe atwara. Abatwaye mu nyuma bagumye bafise ikibazo c’igisoda, uwutari kumwe n’abasoda akabogizwa. Uwutwara Uburundi uyu musi yitwa ko atorwa n’abanyagihugu ariko ijambo rihambaye rifiswe n’abasirikare ku buryo yashoboye no kwiha ikiringo atarekuriwe, aragitwara kubw’igikenye c’abasirikare bamushigikiye mu gihe abandi basirikare bashatse kumutembagaza bari bateshejwe.
Icigwa kindi umuntu akura mu vyabaye muri coup d’État ya 1965 nuko kenshi coup d’État iyo inaniwe usanga ifasha abandi bataboneka baba bariko barakora coup d’État yindi. Coup d’État yo muri gitugutu 1965 yarahaye inguvu zidasanzwe yongera iracira inzira abariko barategura gukura ingoma y’ubwami bw’Uburundi. Abashobora kuba intambamyi ku bariko barategura kuzana republika bose biswe abafashije Coup d’État ya 1965, abatari bake baranicwa, amaze abakeba babo barahakomerera. Co kimwe, inyuma y’imyaka 50, ubutegetsi bw’abasirikare bashigikiye Nkurunziza bwararonse icitwazo ca coup d’État ya Général Godefroid Niyombare kugirango bafute ivyo vyose babona nk’intambamyi ku ntwaro y’igitugu bipfuza gushiraho. Guhera ico gihe uwo wese adashigikiye intwaro y’igikenye bamwita umu putschiste canke uwukorana n’abakoloni, gutyo baca baboneraho guturira amaradiyo yigenga, gufuta amashirahamwe yigenga, be n’imigambwe imwe imwe. Uravye umurindi bariko, umuntu asigara yibaza umugambi abo basirikare bafitiye mu misi iri imbere ibinyamakuru bike bisigaye i Burundi bicigenga, umugambwe CNL n’iyindi migambwe mike yigenga hamwe n’amashirahamwe make asigaye acigenga.
Intwaro za gisirikare zose zihurira ku kintu kimwe : kutemera umwidegemvyo wo kugira ivyiyumviro bidasa n’ivy’abatwara. Gutyo ntibemera ko abanyagihugu bitunganya mu mirwi yigenga (imigambwe, amashirahamwe, ama syndicats), ntibemera ibinyamakuru vyigenga kandi ntiberekwa imyiyerekano y’abanyagihugu. Umukuru w’abasirikare amenyereye gufata ingingo, abo musi bakayishira mu ngiro batabanje guharira, uwutavyumva nawe agapfungwa canke akicwa. Abasirikire bakunze kubona ko abacivils bafyina kandi ko batagira ubwenge bukwiye bwo kurongora abandi. Bitwa abahutu canke bitwa abatutsi, baba abarundi canke abanyamahanga, abasirikare bumva amatwara ameze nk’ayamakambi ya gisirikare. Niyo mpamvu mw’isi nzima bafata ko demokarasi yubakiye ku ntwaro y’abacivils, abasirikare bakubaha, bakayoboka kandi bagakingira Leta y’abacivils. Vyukuri umutegetsi wa nyuma yuzuye w’umu civil Uburundi buheruka kandi akamara igihe ni Umwami Mwambutsa IV. Inyuma yiwe harabonetse akanya gato Prezida Ndadaye mu 1993. Kuva muri gitugutu 1965, urugendo rwo kugaruka ku butegetsi budategekwa n’abasirikare bukemera iteka n’umwidegemvyo w’abanyagihugu ruracari rurerure.
Pacifique Nininahazwe
19 gitugutu 2019.
